TheCityFix’s Year in Review: Who’s who in the Urbanism Hall of Fame

http://thecityfix.com/blog/year-in-review-urbanism-hall-of-fame-jacobs-yew-lerner-gehl-livingstone-maragall-penalosa-coby-joseph/

Jane Jacobs inspires sustainable, human-centered cities

Jane Jacobs, writer and community activist, was central to reversing the mindset that achieving the American Dream meant owning a large, suburban house with multiple cars. In the post World War II era, cities in the United States were building highways to cut through downtowns. The trend in transport planning focused on how to move cars quickly through the city, while Jacobs helped shift the discussion to moving people within a city. Jacobs challenged the idea that cities were places of chaos and blight. She trumpeted mixed-use development, vibrant pedestrian thoroughfares, and multicultural urban environments. The entire field of urban planning has since shifted around Jacobs’s ideas.

Lee Kwan Yew shaped Singapore as the “Garden City”

As Singapore’s first Prime Minister and leader for 31 years, Lee Kwan Yew shaped a long-term urban plan that integrated land use and transport planning. Under his leadership, Singapore introduced vehicle registration quotas and the world’s first congestion pricing scheme in 1975, helping to generate revenue to create a world-class transit system.

Though controversy remains around Yew’s political approach, he led a multicultural city from chaos and crime to prosperity, using people-oriented design to provide a high standard of living for its millions of inhabitants. 

Jaime Lerner – The architect of Curitiba 

As Mayor of Curitiba, Brazil, Jaime Lerner pioneered the first bus system with the core elements of bus rapid transit (BRT). BRT has since spread to 189 cities and counting, saving people time and money while decreasing congestion and pollution. But Lerner’s leadership in urban sustainability didn’t stop there. Lerner led the creation of a master plan that integrated land use and transport, expanded green space to make Curitiba one of the greenest cities in the world, and created new recycling plans to make trash valuable and give low-income residents jobs.

Jan Gehl integrates humanity into urban design 

As the developer of the human-centered urbanism theory, Jan Gehl was a driving force behind Copenhagen’s development. The city has since become globally recognized for sustainable mobility, with 50% of residents commuting to work or school by bike, and world-class biking infrastructure. Gehl has helped pioneer the theory for vibrant public spaces through good urban design. His ideas have been successfully implemented in cities worldwide.

Ken Livingstone makes congestion pricing and transit integration work in a megacity

Ken Livingstone became the first Mayor of London when the Greater London Authority was created in 2000. Under his leadership, London implemented a range of policies to advance urban mobility and sustainable development such as pedestrianizing public spaces, improving bus services, and redeveloping transit hubs. Above all, two key policies transformed urban mobility: a congestion charging scheme and the city’s Oyster card.

London’s congestion charging zone is the largest in the world, and it helped dramatically increase the number of people using buses, bicycling, and walking, while also improving air quality. The Oyster card system streamlined the process for paying for transport fares, improving customer experience and serving as an example for cities worldwide.

Pasqual Maragall uses the Olympics to transform Barcelona into a global city

As Mayor of Barcelona, Maragall ensured that hosting the Olympics was part of a long-term urban renewal strategy, and infrastructure investments for the games helped spark a revitalization that turned Barcelona into a global destination.

For his leadership in Barcelona, Maragall was part of a group of urban planners, architects, and three mayors that jointly received the 1999 Royal Institute of British Architects RIBA’s Gold Medal. The award states: “Both the process and results of Barcelona’s rebirth are exemplary … Hosting the Olympics was only part of this larger, still continuing strategy of up-grading the whole city.”

Enrique Peñalosa leads Bogotá’s inclusive urban transformation

Peñalosa’s most well known accomplishment as Mayor of Bogotá, Colombia from 1997 to 2001 is likely the TransMilenio BRT system – which carries over 2.2 million passengers per day. But his influence doesn’t stop there. Peñalosa helped make Bogotá widely recognized for innovation in urban mobility and social justice. He transformed the city’s social housing program, recuperated and expanded parks and public spaces, built over 350 km of (217 miles) of protected bikeways, added thousands of feet of sidewalks for people, formalized and supported hundreds of informal settlements, restricted car usage using transport demand management (TDM) strategies, and more.

A Tale of Two Theories: Supply Side and Demand Side Economics

http://www.commondreams.org/views06/0514-20.htm

Supply Side Economics claimed that if the government cut taxes on the wealthy, it would jump-start the economy as the wealthy plowed their tax savings back into investments. New factories fitted with new technologies would produce goods at lower cost, taming inflation. And the newly hired workers would tame unemployment. It would, in effect, square the economic circle, fixing both inflation and unemployment at the same time.

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In 1980, Ronald Reagan promised that, if elected, he would cut taxes, raise military spending AND balance the budget--all at the same time. His opponent, George H.W. Bush called it "voodoo economics". But Reagan won the election and kept his promise. He cut the marginal tax rate on the highest income earners from 75% to 38%. What happened?

In 1982, the first full year for Reagan's policies, the economy shrank by 2%, the worst performance since the Great Depression. Investment -- the magic transmission belt through which all other Supply Side benefits were supposed to flow -- actually declined as a percent of GDP over the 1980s. Worse, Reagan's Supply Side policies created the biggest budget deficits in history. The numbers tell the story.

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Revealingly, Supply-Siders strenuously resisted calls to tie tax cuts to actual productive investments, that is, give the tax cut only after the investment had been made. This led critics to suspect the real motives behind the "theory." The only thing that was certain was that the rich would become richer and revenues to the government would be lower. Beyond that, it is all just wishful thinking.

Contrast this wishful thinking with Demand Side economics. Demand Side Economics, says that if taxes are to be cut, they should go to those who earn the least amount of money. The reason is that low-income workers spend virtually all of their incomes. Money given to them goes right back into circulation, fueling a boom in consumer spending. This is essentially the policy that rescued the U.S. economy from the Great Depression. This, say the Demand Side economists, is the real foundation for an expanding economy. How has this theory held up in practice?

Bill Clinton reversed Reagan's Supply Side policies, raising taxes on the wealthy and lowering them on the working and middle class. This Demand Side formula was fiercely resisted by Republican leaders in Congress who predicted a stock market crash and another Great Depression. Indeed, every single Republican member of Congress voted against it. It took a tie-breaking vote by Al Gore in the Senate to get the bill passed. What happened?

The 100 Best Non-Fiction Books of the Century

http://www.nationalreview.com/article/215718/non-fiction-100